THE INFLUENCE OF ROMAN MILITARY PROTOCOL IN THE CONTEMPORARY SPANISH ARMY: TRADITION, EVOLUTION, AND ADAPTATION

Abstract

This study examines the enduring influence of Roman military protocol on the Spanish Army, showing how ancient rituals and hierarchical practices, rooted in disciplina militaris, persist in modern ceremonies. Analyzing classical sources and contemporary regulations, it reveals that Roman traditions continue to shape the Spanish military¿s structure, symbolism, and institutional cohesion.