Examinando por Autor "Peinado, Ana B."

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Cardiorespiratory Responses to Endurance Exercise Over the Menstrual Cycle and With Oral Contraceptive Use
(Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2022-02-01) Barba-Moreno, Laura; Cupeiro, Rocío; Romero-Parra, Nuria; Janse de Jonge, Xanne AK.; Peinado, Ana B.
Female steroid hormone fluctuations during the menstrual cycle and exogenous hormones from oral contraceptives may have potential effects on exercise performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these fluctuations on cardiorespiratory responses during steady-state exercise in women. Twenty-three healthy endurance-trained women performed 40 minutes of running at 75% of their maximal aerobic speed during different phases of the menstrual cycle (n = 15; early follicular phase, midfollicular phase, and luteal phase) or oral contraceptive cycle (n = 8; hormonal phase and nonhormonal phase). Ventilatory parameters and heart rate (HR) were measured. Data were analyzed using a mixed linear model. For the eumenorrheic group, significantly higher oxygen uptake (p = 0.049) and percentage of maximum oxygen uptake (p = 0.035) were observed during the midfollicular phase compared with the early follicular. Heart rate (p = 0.004), oxygen ventilatory equivalent (p = 0.042), carbon dioxide ventilatory equivalent (p = 0.017), and tidal volume (p = 0.024) increased during luteal phase in comparison with mid follicular. In oral contraceptive users, ventilation (p = 0.030), breathing frequency (p = 0.018), oxygen ventilatory equivalent (p = 0.032), and carbon dioxide ventilatory equivalent (p = 0.001) increased during the hormonal phase. No significant differences were found for the rest of the parameters or phases. Both the eumenorrheic group and oral contraceptive group showed a significant increase in some ventilatory parameters during luteal and hormonal phases, respectively, suggesting lower cardiorespiratory efficiency. However, the lack of clinical meaningfulness of these differences and the nondifferences of other physiological variables, indicate that the menstrual cycle had a small impact on submaximal exercise in the current study.
Efect of eccentric‑based resistance exercise on bone (re)modelling markers across the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive cycle
(Springer, 2024-12-30) Guisado-Cuadrado, Isabel; Romero-Parra, Nuria; Cupeiro, Rocío; Elliott-Sale, Kirsty J.; Sale, Craig; Peinado, Ana B.
Purpose: To investigate the acute effects of eccentric-based resistance exercise and sex-hormone fluctuations on P1NP and β-CTX-1 concentrations in premenopausal females. Methods: Nine eumenorrheic females and ten oral contraceptive (OC) users performed eccentric-based resistance exercise, consisted of 10 × 10 repetitions of parallel back squats with a 4-s eccentric phase, in the early-follicular (EFP), late-follicular (LFP) and mid-luteal (MLP) phases of the menstrual cycle (MC) or in the withdrawal (WP) and active pill-taking (APP) phases of the OC cycle. Results: 17β-oestradiol (pg·ml-1) was lower in EFP (36.63 ± 29.93) compared to LFP (224.81 ± 233.81; p ≤ 0.001) and MLP (161.45 ± 110.08; p < 0.001) and higher in WP (24.857 ± 29.428) compared to APP (12.72 ± 13.36; p = 0.004). Progesterone (ng·ml-1) was higher in MLP (8.30 ± 5.23) compared to EFP (0.33 ± 0.33; p < 0.001) and LFP (0.21 ± 0.18; p < 0.001), no significant differences were observed between the WP and APP. In eumenorrheic females, β-CTX-1 (ng·ml-1) was lower in MLP (0.395 ± 0.126) compared to LFP (0.472 ± 0.137; p = 0.044). Comparing MC vs OC phases, eumenorrheic females had higher P1NP levels (ng·ml-1) compared to OC users: EFP (62.54 ± 13.13) vs APP (50.69 ± 8.91; p = 0.034), LFP (67.32 ± 18.96) vs WP (52.16 ± 10.72; p = 0.047), LFP vs APP (p = 0.025), MLP (67.51 ± 19.34; p = 0.049) vs WP, MLPvsAPP (p = 0.027). Exercise time effect showed lower β-CTX-1 concentrations 2 h post-exercise (MC: 0.376 ± 0.114, p < 0.001; OC: 0.340 ± 0.156, p = 0.030) compared to pre-exercise (MC: 0.485 ± 0.137; OC: 0.428 ± 0.188) in all participants. Conclusions: β-CTX-1 concentrations were lower in the mid-luteal phase, emphasising the importance of standardizing bone marker measurements to a specific MC phase. OC users exhibited reduced P1NP levels, underscoring the need to investigate synthetic and endogenous hormones' impact on long-term bone structure and strength. Trial registration The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04458662 on 2 July 2020.
Effect of induced alkalosis on performance during a field-simulated BMX cycling competition
(Elsevier, 2019-03-01) Peinado, Ana B.; Holgado, Darías; Luque-Casado, Antonio; Rojo-Tirado, Miguel A.; Sanabria, Daniel; González, Coral; Mateo-March, Manuel; Sánchez-Muñoz, Cristóbal; Calderón, Francisco J.; Zabala, Mikel
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to test the effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3-) ingestion on performance during a simulated competition on a Bicycle Motocross (BMX) track. Design: Double-blind cross-over study. Methods: Twelve elite male BMX cyclists (age: 19.2±3.4 years; height: 174.2±5.3cm; body mass: 72.4±8.4kg) ingested either NaHCO3- (0.3g.kg-1 body weight) or placebo 90min prior to exercise. The cyclists completed three races in a BMX Olympic track interspersed with 15min of recovery. Blood samples were collected to assess the blood acid-base status. Performance, cardiorespiratory, heart rate variability (HRV) as well as subjective variables were assessed. Results: The main effect of condition (NaHCO3- vs. placebo) was observed in pH, bicarbonate concentration and base excess (p<0.05), with a significant blood alkalosis. No changes were found in time, peak velocity and time to peak velocity for condition (p>0.05). The HRV analysis showed a significant effect of NaHCO3- ingestion, expressed by the rMSSD30 (root mean square of the successive differences) (p<0.001). There was no effect of condition on oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, or pulmonary ventilation (p>0.05). Finally, there was no effect of condition for any subjective scale (p>0.05). Conclusions: We present here the first field condition study to investigate the effect of bicarbonate ingestion over performance in BMX discipline. The results showed that NaHCO3--induced alkalosis did not improve performance in a simulated BMX competition in elite BMX cyclists, although future studies should consider the effects of NaHCO3- on autonomic function as a component of recovery.
Influence of Menstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptive Phases on Bone (re)modelling Markers in Response to Interval Running
(Springer, 2024-07-27) Guisado-Cuadrado, Isabel; Romero-Parra, Nuria; Elliott-Sale, Kirsty J.; Sale, Craig; Díaz, Ángel E.; Peinado, Ana B.
To explore how sex hormone fluctuations may affect bone metabolism, this study aimed to examine P1NP and β-CTX-1 concentrations across the menstrual and oral contraceptive (OC) cycle phases in response to running. 17β-oestradiol, progesterone, P1NP and β-CTX-1 were analysed pre- and post-exercise in eight eumenorrheic females in the early-follicular, late-follicular, and mid-luteal phases, while 8 OC users were evaluated during the withdrawal and active pill-taking phases. The running protocol consisted of 8 × 3min treadmill runs at 85% of maximal aerobic speed. 17β-oestradiol concentrations (pg·ml-1) were lower in early-follicular (47.22 ± 39.75) compared to late-follicular (304.95 ± 235.85;p = < 0.001) and mid-luteal phase (165.56 ± 80.6;p = 0.003) and higher in withdrawal (46.51 ± 44.09) compared to active pill-taking phase (10.88 ± 11.24;p < 0.001). Progesterone (ng·ml-1) was higher in mid-luteal (13.214 ± 4.926) compared to early-follicular (0.521 ± 0.365; p < 0.001) and late-follicular phase (1.677 ± 2.586;p < 0.001). In eumenorrheic females, P1NP concentrations (ng·ml-1) were higher in late-follicular (69.97 ± 17.84) compared to early-follicular (60.96 ± 16.64;p = 0.006;) and mid-luteal phase (59.122 ± 11.77;p = 0.002). β-CTX-1 concentrations (ng·ml-1) were lower in mid-luteal (0.376 ± 0.098) compared to late-follicular (0.496 ± 0.166; p = 0.001) and early-follicular phase (0.452 ± 0.148; p = 0.039). OC users showed higher post-exercise P1NP concentrations in withdrawal phase (61.75 ± 8.32) compared to post-exercise in active pill-taking phase (45.45 ± 6;p < 0.001). Comparing hormonal profiles, post-exercise P1NP concentrations were higher in early-follicular (66.91 ± 16.26;p < 0.001), late-follicular (80.66 ± 16.35;p < 0.001) and mid-luteal phases (64.57 ± 9.68;p = 0.002) to active pill-taking phase. These findings underscore the importance of studying exercising females with different ovarian hormone profiles, as changes in sex hormone concentrations affect bone metabolism in response to running, showing a higher post-exercise P1NP concentrations in all menstrual cycle phases compared with active pill-taking phase of the OC cycle.
Physiological Profile of an Uphill Time Trial in Elite Cyclists
(Human Kinetics, 2018-03-01) Peinado, Ana B.; Romero-Parra, Nuria; Rojo-Tirado, Miguel A.; Cupeiro, Rocío; Butragueño, Javier; Castro, Eliane A.; Calderón, Javier; Benito, Pedro J.
Context: While a number of studies have researched road-cycling performance, few have attempted to investigate the physiological response in field conditions. Purpose: To describe the physiological and performance profile of an uphill time trial (TT) frequently used in cycling competitions. Methods: Fourteen elite road cyclists (mean ± SD age 25 ± 6 y, height 174 ± 4.2 cm, body mass 64.4 ± 6.1 kg, fat mass 7.48% ± 2.82%) performed a graded exercise test to exhaustion to determine maximal parameters. They then completed a field-based uphill TT in a 9.2-km first-category mountain pass with a 7.1% slope. Oxygen uptake (VO2), power output, heart rate (HR), lactate concentration, and perceived-exertion variables were measured throughout the field-based test. Results: During the uphill TT, mean power output and velocity were 302 ± 7 W (4.2 ± 0.1 W/kg) and 18.7 ± 1.6 km/h, respectively. Mean VO2 and HR were 61.6 ± 2.0 mL · kg-1 · min-1 and 178 ± 2 beats/min, respectively. Values were significantly affected by the 1st, 2nd, 6th, and final kilometers (P < .05). Lactate concentration and perceived exertion were 10.87 ± 1.12 mmol/L and 19.1 ± 0.1, respectively, at the end of the test, being significantly different from baseline measures. Conclusion: The studied uphill TT is performed at 90% of maximum HR and VO2 and 70% of maximum power output. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study assessing cardiorespiratory parameters combined with measures of performance, perceived exertion, and biochemical variables during a field-based uphill TT in elite cyclists.
Serum iron availability, but not iron stores, is lower in naturally menstruating than in oral contraceptive athletes
(Wiley, 2023-02-23) Alfaro-Magallanes, Víctor M.; Romero-Parra, Nuria; Barba-Moreno, Laura; Rael, Beatriz; Benito, Pedro J.; Díaz, Ángel E.; Cupeiro, Rocío; Peinado, Ana B.
C) athletes during the main hormonal milieus of these two profiles to identify potential differences confounding the diagnosis of iron deficiency in female athletes. Resting blood samples were collected from 36 naturally menstruating athletes during the early-follicular phase (EFP), mid- late-follicular phase (MLFP) and mid-luteal phase (MLP) of the menstrual cycle. Simultaneously, blood samples were collected from 24 OC athletes during the withdrawal and active-pill phase of the OC cycle. Serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 and sex hormones were analyzed. Naturally menstruating athletes showed lower levels of TSAT, iron and transferrin than OC athletes when comparing the bleeding phase of both profiles (p<0.05) as well as when comparing all analyzed phases of the menstrual cycle to the active pill phase of the OC cycle (p<0.05). Interestingly, only lower transferrin was found during MLFP and MLP compared to the withdrawal phase of the OC cycle (p>0.05), with all other iron markers showing no differences (p>0.05). Intracycle variations were also found within both types of cycle, presenting reduced TSAT and iron during menstrual bleeding phases (p<0.05). In conclusion, in OC athletes, serum iron availability, but not serum ferritin, seems higher than in naturally menstruating ones. However, such differences are lost when comparing the MLFP and MLP of the menstrual cycle with the withdrawal phase of the OC cycle. This should be considered in the assessment of iron status in female athletes.