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The Institutional Repository of the Rey Juan Carlos University aims to archive and preserve the scientific production resulting from the academic and research activities of the university community, with the aim of disseminating it in open access.
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Corporate tax, R&D and export decisions: Evidence from European firms(Wiley, 2024-06-27) Bournakis , Ioannis; Romero-Jordán, DesiderioThe paper presents a unified framework for analyzing the impact of corporate taxation on R&D and exporting, considering firm productivity heterogeneity and sunk costs. We empirically examine three hypotheses using data from7819 European firms spanning 2001–2014. We propose that: (a) an increase in corporate tax reduces the likelihood of innovation, (b) an increase in corporate tax reduces the likelihood of exporting, and (c) firms that innovate are more likely to enter foreign markets. On average, a high Effective Average Tax Rate (EATR) lowers the probability of investing in R&D and exporting by 2.3% and 1.41%, respectively. For firms with low Total Factor Productivity (TFP), the adverse effect of taxation on R&D investment ranges from 3.71% in our baseline analysis to 12.9% in our sensitivity analysis. Interestingly, while EATR positively influences the export decisions of high-TFP firms, a higher EATR can reduce the export probability by up to 25.5% for firms at the lower end of the TFP distribution. Our findings demonstrate a causal relationship between firm heterogeneity and their capacity to mitigate the distortions caused by higher taxes. From a policy perspective, our results suggest that fostering innovation is essential for firms aiming to expand into international markets.Access status: Open Access , Add to my list
Analysing the drivers of the efficiency of households in electricity consumption(Elsevier, 2022-03-10) Romero-Jordán , Desiderio; Del Río, PabloHouseholds play a very relevant role in energy demand in general and electricity demand in particular. Although electricity is an essential product in our daily life, reductions of electricity demand have generally been defended on environmental and energy security grounds. The aim of this paper is to analyse the level and the drivers of efficiency in household electricity consumption using an estimator for endogenous stochastic frontiers. A panel of data is built for this purpose, using statistical matching techniques with seven waves of the Spanish Household Budget Survey (SHBS) from 2006 to 2012. Several economic and non-economic variables are considered, including income, household features and characteristics of the dwelling. Our findings suggest that the level of electricity efficiency is already relatively high for households in all income levels. The results also reveal that there is a negative relation between income and efficiency in electricity consumption, i.e., that the lowest income households are also the most efficient. Furthermore, one feature of dwellings (the number of rooms) and two features of households (their size and the educational level) are relevant drivers of household efficiency in electricity consumption. Whereas the educational level and household size negatively affect electricity efficiency, the number of rooms positively influences efficiency. Our findings suggest that general price-based measures which drive the adoption of electricity efficient technologies and behaviors should be complemented with two types of policy interventions: policies which encourage households to be more efficient (i.e., information provision and financial support for the adoption of ele ctricity-efficient practices) and measures specifically targeted at low-income households which mitigate the comparatively greater distributional impact of price increases on this household segment.Access status: Open Access , Add to my list
Empowering Service Designers with Integrated Modelling Tools: A Model-Driven Approach(MDPI, 2025-12-08) Pérez Blanco, Francisco Javier; Vara Mesa, Juan Manuel; Gómez Macías, Cristian; Granada Mejía, David; Villarrubia Martín, Carlos; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2020-117244RB-100, SerDigital); Comisión Europea (SIC-SPAIN 4.0, Safer Internet Centre Spain 4.0); Comunidad de Madrid (TEC-2024/COM-235, DESAFíOCM); Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (2024/SOLCON-137672, GESMOD, Convocatoria IMPULSO)Service design often involves using diverse business and process modelling notations to represent strategic and operational aspects of services. Although complementary, no modelling environment currently enables integrated use of these notations. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a model-driven solution that supports multiple modelling notations within a unified environment. The research is guided by the following question: To what extent can a modelling environment that integrates multiple business and process modelling notations benefit service designers? To answer it, the study adopts Design Science Research (DSR) methodology and develops a prototype integrating several graphical Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs), along with mechanisms for model transformation, traceability, and validation. The prototype was evaluated through a two-phase process: (1) a laboratory case study applying the double diamond model of service design to a real-world scenario, and (2) an empirical study involving nine service design professionals who assessed the usability of the tool, efficiency, and completeness of generated models. Results show that integrating heterogeneous modelling notations through Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) can reduce modelling effort by up to 36.4% and generate models with up to 97.7% completeness, demonstrating not only technical benefits but also contributions to the well-being of designers by reducing cognitive load, fostering consistency, and improving communication among the stakeholders involved in the designing process.Access status: Open Access , Add to my list
Does energy productivity boost total factor productivity?(Elsevier, 2025-07-18) Romero-Jordán, Desiderio; Del Río, Pablo; Pinto, FernandoDecarbonising our economies and energy systems requires a more productive use of energy resources. Improving energy efficiency or, similarly, reducing energy intensity and increasing energy productivity are considered critical factors to achieve economic growth and reduce environmental impacts. In particular, energy productivity (EP), defined as the amount of economic output that is produced per unit of gross available energy, could have positive effects on green growth and competitiveness. However, the impact of EP on Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which is regarded as an important driver of changes in living standards, has not received much attention in the past. This paper fills this gap. Its aim is to analyse the impact of EP on TFP in 29 European countries between 2000 and 2022. The econometric analyses show that the effects are positive in both the short and long terms. Our findings lend credence to the Porter Hypothesis. They show that strict energy efficiency targets which enhance EP do not have a negative impact on economic performance in the long run. However, the less positive short-term effects compared to the long-term effects suggest that governments should consider mechanisms to cushion the immediate economic impacts of the transition towards more energy-efficient economic systemsAccess status: Open Access , Add to my list
The presence of headache at onset in SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with long-term post-COVID headache and fatigue: A case-control study(SAGE Publications, 2021-06-16) Fernández de las Peñas, César; Gómez Mayordomo, Víctor; Cuadrado, María Luz; Palacios Ceña, Domingo; Lima Florencio, Lidiane; Guerrero, Ángel; García Azorín, David; Hernández Barrerra, Valentín; Arendt Nielsen, LarsObjective: To investigate the association of headache during the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection with long-term post-COVID headache and other post-COVID symptoms in hospitalised survivors. Methods: A case-control study including patients hospitalised during the first wave of the pandemic in Spain was conducted. Patients reporting headache as a symptom during the acute phase and age- and sex-matched patients without headache during the acute phase participated. Hospitalisation and clinical data were collected from medical records. Patients were scheduled for a telephone interview 7 months after hospital discharge. Participants were asked about a list of post-COVID symptoms and were also invited to report any additional symptom they might have. Anxiety/depressive symptoms and sleep quality were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results: Overall, 205 patients reporting headache and 410 patients without headache at hospitalisation were assessed 7.3 months (Standard Deviation 0.6) after hospital discharge. Patients with headache at onset presented a higher number of post-COVID symptoms (Incident Rate Ratio: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03–1.30). Headache at onset was associated with a previous history of migraine (Odd Ratio: 2.90, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.41–5.98) and with the development of persistent tension-type like headache as a new post-COVID symptom (Odd Ratio: 2.65, 95% CI: 1.66–4.24). Fatigue as a long-term symptom was also more prevalent in patients with headache at onset (Odd Ratio: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.07–2.24). No between-group differences in the prevalence of anxiety/depressive symptoms or sleep quality were seen. Conclusion: Headache in the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with higher prevalence of headache and fatigue as long-term post-COVID symptoms. Monitoring headache during the acute phase could help to identify patients at risk of developing long-term post-COVID symptoms, including post-COVID headache.