Examinando por Autor "Reinares, Fernando"

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After the 2004 Madrid Train Bombings: The Fallout in Spain
(Columbia University Press, 2017) Reinares, Fernando
Chapter 14 en Fernando Reinares, Al-Qaeda's Revenge. The 2004 Madrid Train Bombings (Nueva York: Columbia University Press, 2017).
How Members of the Islamic State-Linked Ripoll Cell Grouped, Radicalized and Plotted Mass Casualty Terrorist Attacks in Barcelona
(2022) García-Calvo, Carola; Reinares, Fernando
Members of the so-called Ripoll cell plotted mass casualty attacks to be executed in Barcelona on August 20, 2017. Instead, some of them improvised vehicle-ramming and stabbing attacks earlier in Barcelona and Cambrils, also in Spain’s Catalonia. Who were those jihadists and how did they form an attack cell? What explains their radicalization into Salafi-jihadism? How did they prepare mass casualty attacks? The article’s three sections address these questions, mostly drawing from primary sources. As analyzed in the first section, the cell, formed by 10 men, nine of them young adults and adolescents born or raised in Spain, descendants of Moroccan immigrants, was built by an imam with past jihadist leanings who acted as entrepreneur. As explained in the second section, the radicalization leading to terrorism underwent by these individuals was highly contingent upon both in person exposure to a radicalizing agent as well as preexisting kinship and friendship ties. Finally, as substantiated in the third section, members of the Ripoll cell performed the plot’s six tasks, from financing and securing attack preparation to selecting the terrorist modality and targets, in a remarkably articulated and coordinated way consistent with its IS-linked nature.
Linking the August 2017 Attacks in Barcelona and Cambrils to Islamic State External Security Apparatus Through Foreign Fighters
(2021) Reinares, Fernando; García-Calvo, Carola
The Ripoll cell, to which the jihadists who perpetrated the August 2017 attacks in Barcelona and Cambrils belonged, is best understood as a cell linked to the central structures of Islamic State (IS) through displaced or returned foreign fighters of Western European origin. This can be deduced, on the one hand, from a contextual and in-depth analysis of IS notifications and pronouncements in the aftermath of the attacks, unveiling the role played by the jihadist organization’s “external security” apparatus in instigating and guiding the Ripoll cell in attack planning and preparations. On the other hand, this can also be deduced from a study of both direct and circumstantial evidence about the cross-border movements and international contacts of the main cell members, particularly in and out of Belgium in approximately the year and a half prior to the August 2017 attacks. In addition, information emerging from intelligence sources corroborates, or is consistent with, this perspective.
Una matanza que pudo evitarse
(Galaxia Gutenberg, 2021) Reinares, Fernando
La matanza de los trenes de Cercanías pudo haberse evitado en numerosas ocasiones a lo largo de los más de dos años durante los cuales se planificó y preparó. Pudo haberse evitado si el conocimiento previo que sobre distintos miembros de la red del 11-M tenían en el CNP hubiese sido bien interpretado y compartido con la GC; si no hubiese existido tanta descoordinación en ambos cuerpos policiales y entre ellos; si la visión de la amenaza yihadista no hubiese estado desenfocada en un CNI en proceso de adaptación; si la legislación y el entendimiento judicial hubiesen sido los necesarios; si Marruecos, Turquía, Francia y Bélgica hubiesen cooperado más y mejor; y si quienes, en las colectividades musulmanas o al margen de ellas, sospecharon de allegados o conocidos hubiesen antepuesto la lealtad cívica a otro tipo de lealtades. A todo ello habría coadyuvado una adecuada concienciación política y social sobre la actividad yihadista en España en la década previa al 11-M.
National Extraction, Geographical Origin and Migratory Ancestry among Jihadists in Spain
(2023) García-Calvo, Carola; Reinares, Fernando; Vicente, Álvaro
Eight out of every 10 jihadists arrested or deceased in Spain between 2013 and 2018 are of Moroccan origin. This figure includes Moroccan nationals, Spanish nationals born in Morocco, and Spanish nationals descending from Moroccan immigrants. The historically restive Rif region of northwest Africa is the main geographical provenance of those who were born in Morocco and, similarly, because of violent Salafist who are natives of Ceuta and Melilla, of those who were born in Spain. All this reveals the extent to which the enduring reality of global jihadism in Morocco is projected externally onto Spain. This is unsurprising, since a large majority of Muslims in Spain come from Morocco or have Moroccan ancestors. Yet, the blooming of homegrown jihadism in Spain over the mentioned six-year period, largely resulting from the radicalization of Moroccan descendants or second generations, points toward the internal dynamics behind the phenomenon. In Spain, however, these second generations may or may not be in a diaspora situation, an important feature which is unique in the context of Western Europe.
Radicalización yihadista y asociación diferencial: un estudio cuantitativo del caso español
(Tirant lo Blanch, 2019) Reinares, Fernando
Los procesos de radicalización violenta que pueden conducir a la implicación en actividades relacionas con el terrorismo yihadista suponen la paulatina asunción, en mayor o menor grado, de actitudes y creencias propias de la versión más belicosa del salafismo, una vision fundamentalista y excluyente del credo islámico. Se trata de procesos que, dada la relativa diversidad sociodemográfica de los individuos que terminan por participar en dichas actividades --pues sus rasgos son altamente dependientes del contexto en que se produce el reclutamiento-- así como las variaciones en la coyuntura del tiempo histórico durante el cual tiene lugar; pueden ser en buena medida explicados recurriendo a la teoría criminológica de la asociación diferencial, la cual entiende el comportamiento delictivo de un determinado individuo como resultado del aprendizaje social dentro de un contexto personal de interacción y comunicación. La importancia de la asociación diferencial, con su énfasis en el cariz íntimo de las relaciones que implica, ha persistido pese a décadas de expansión de los medios de comunicación de masas y el actual auge de las redes sociales, también en relación con el terrorismo o los crímenes de odio. Así ocurre respecto a los individuos que constituyen el objeto de nuestro estudio, en concreto los 215 yihadistas condenados o muertos en España entre 2004 y 2018. Para cuantos de dichos individuos se radicalizaron en compañía de otros, en este capítulo exploramos la relevancia de dos variables estrechamente relacionadas con la interacción y la comunicación que son propias de los procesos de radicalización violenta en general y de la radicalización yihadista en particular: la existencia de contacto con algún agente de radicalización y la existencia de vínculos sociales previos con otros yihadistas.
When Terrorist Disengagement Processes Are Consistent with Previous Violent Radicalization: Two Case Studies
(2023) Reinares, Fernando; Vicente, Álvaro
Although terrorist disengagement is a dynamic process, this study proposes the likelihood of a continuity in the prevailing factors influencing exit from terrorism and the prevailing dimensions which initially influenced violent radicalization. Through the analysis of two contrasting cases featuring third-generation Muslims formerly involved in jihadist activities in Spain, we assess a connection between the prevailing push and pull factors which sparked individuals to cease their terrorist engagement and the predominant dimensions that earlier prompted the radicalization which led them to terrorist involvement. Drawing from in-depth interviews with the two former jihadists, Hassan and Omar, conducted while they were serving prison sentences for terrorism offences, we suggest that the significance of ideology and network in, respectively, their journeys from Islamic fundamentalism towards jihadism is similarly reflected in their accounts of ending jihadist involvement, even in the presence of secondary factors that also play a role in such a complex process.