UNDERSTANDING THE MULTIPLE FACTORS IN THE LEARNING GAP BETWEEN IMMIGRANT AND NON-IMMIGRANT STUDENTS IN COMPULSORY EDUCATION IN SPAIN

Abstract

This research investigates the diverse factors contributing to the educational level gap between immigrant and non-immigrant students in Spain's compulsory education system. Despite several initiatives to achieve educational equality, significant disparities in academic performance can be seen nowadays, going from differences in resources availability, family support, and socioeconomic status. The primary goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of these differences by analyzing objective data from official sources such as PISA or INE and exploring potential causes within three main areas: student-related factors, family dynamics, and social influences. Utilizing data from the Spanish Ministry of Education, the INE, and PISA, amongst others, the study presents a clear picture of the learning gap. This involves examining academic performance rates, early dropout rates, and standardized test scores (e.g., PISA) to identify the academic difficulties faced by immigrant students in Spain¿s compulsory education (from 6 to 16 years). The findings show that economic instability and lower income levels among immigrant families are significant factors negatively impacting academic performance. Additionally, the research looks into cultural and linguistic challenges, assessing how differences in cultural capital and language understanding can affect the educational experiences of immigrant students. The quality and consistency of school environments and support systems are also studied, revealing differences that contribute to unequal educational scores. The analysis of family-related factors includes economic status, parental education levels, the value placed on education by parents, time spent supporting students, family conflicts, and overall family support. Results indicate that native families generally provide more stable and supportive environments for academic success, whereas immigrant families often encounter greater economic and social hurdles.