A study of the parameters affecting the particle velocity in cold-spray: Theoretical results and comparison with experimental data
Fecha
2023
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Elsevier
Resumen
Within coating applications, cold-spray is nowadays an extended technique commonly used in environments
such as the additive manufacturing or repair industries. The differential factor that leads this approach to be
chosen over others is its low deposition temperature. The need for ensuring the resistance and durability of
the free-standing components has led to the development of models that can predict the kinetic energy of the
particles, which is the main driving parameter affecting the deposit performance. In this study, an optimisation
theoretical model, previously developed by the authors, is validated with the experimental exit particle velocity
data taken from commercial geometries and using Fluent simulations available in literature. The aim of this
work is to relate fundamental parameters in the cold-spray process such as the stagnation conditions, nozzle
geometry, powder size or particle velocity. This objective is achieved by creating novel interdependent maps
connecting these pivotal data by virtue of the model presented. Several graphs describing the final particle
velocity depending on the stagnation pressure and temperature are obtained along with the optimal geometry
for a wide range of materials (aluminium, titanium, steel, Inconel 625 and copper). In addition, the analytical
model is able to hand over a deposition window of particle sizes and velocities that can be achieved using a
specific cold-spray equipment. Both set of maps combined together can be a powerful tool which users and
manufacturers can benefit from on the grounds that they do not only provide information about whether a
deposition can be achieved or not with a cold-spray equipment but also about the stagnation conditions needed.
The results obtained with this methodology reflect the limitations of low and medium-pressure equipment in
terms of the maximum particle diameter that can be deposited and constitute a novel advance in the state of
art of cold-spray. Moreover, the fundamental parameter regarding the geometry, namely the ratio between the
nozzle exit and the nozzle throat diameters, is represented as a function of the above-mentioned parameters.
Descripción
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support received from the Spanish government AEI under Grant No. PID2020-115508RB-C22 (A3M). The authors are also grateful to URJC for its support of the Cold-SAM project.
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Citación
L. Alonso, M.A. Garrido-Maneiro, P. Poza, A study of the parameters affecting the particle velocity in cold-spray: Theoretical results and comparison with experimental data, Additive Manufacturing, Volume 67, 2023, 103479, ISSN 2214-8604, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103479
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