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Robust Minimum Divergence Estimation for the Multinomial Circular Logistic Regression Model
(MDPI, 2023-10-07) Castilla, Elena; Ghosh, Abhik
Circular data are extremely important in many different contexts of natural and social science, from forestry to sociology, among many others. Since the usual inference procedures based on the maximum likelihood principle are known to be extremely non-robust in the presence of possible data contamination, in this paper, we develop robust estimators for the general class of multinomial circular logistic regression models involving multiple circular covariates. Particularly, we extend the popular density-power-divergence-based estimation approach for this particular set-up and study the asymptotic properties of the resulting estimators. The robustness of the proposed estimators is illustrated through extensive simulation studies and few important real data examples from forest science and meteorology
Respondiendo a la indeterminación en la videodanza: creación de un modelo específico de análisis
(Concilium, Grupo de Investigación en Comunicación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2025) Llerena Fernández, Alma
Introducción: En la actualidad no existe un consenso en torno a la definición, clasificación o características de la videodanza. Sin embargo, tanto académicos como artistas están de acuerdo en que estas piezas hibridan el lenguaje audiovsiual y dancístico. Por ello, nuestro objetivo ha sido la creación de un modelo específico de análisis que ayude a esclarecer esta indeterminación. Metodología: Realizamos un diseño metodológico en dos fases: en primer lugar confeccionamos un modelo que pusimos a prueba con una muestra de conveniencia. En la segunda fase, una vez analizados los resultados de nuestro pretest, planteamos nuestra propuesta metodológica final. Resultados: El modelo de análisis se conformó en torno a cinco grupos de variables vinculadas a la praxis fílmica y de la videodanza, configurándose con un total de más de 150 categorías. Conclusiones: La consecución de un modelo de análisis, ofrece una herramienta valiosa para el estudio y la práctica de la videodanza. Este modelo contribuye significativamente a la consolidación y legitimación de la videodanza como un medio artístico complejo y multifacético.
¡El futuro ya está aquí! Derecho e Inteligencia Artificial
(Aranzadi, 2018-09-01) Rodríguez García, Jose Antonio; Moreno Rebato, Mar
El artículo refleja cómo va a influir (y cómo ya influye) la inteligencia artificial en todas las ramas jurídicas. Este trabajo reproduce un seminario de profesores. En este seminario se presenta una nueva titulación académica «Derecho e Inteligencia artificial» y se explica el Plan de Estudios donde se imparten asignaturas de Derecho y de Informática. Esta nueva titulación interdisciplinar formará «ingenieros juristas».
Revisión crítica de la aplicación de la doctrina Saquetti mediante el recurso de casación
(Dykinson, 2025-03-25) RUIZ GARIJO, MERCEDES
En la actualidad, el Tribunal Supremo se encuentra ante un reto importante, al que ha llegado en su bienintencionado deseo de implementar la doctrina de la Sentencia Saquetti y velar así por los derechos de los recurrentes frente a la imposición de sanciones administrativas consideradas de naturaleza penal. Después de más de 4 años del pronunciamiento del TEDH se han admitido ya decenas de Autos con contenidos y estructuras heterogéneas con el objetivo de hacer efectivo el derecho de reexamen. Y se siguen admitiendo. Asimismo, ya se han dictado diversas sentencias que merecen un análisis detenido. A la vista de todo ello, veremos si la andadura recorrida por el TS ha permitido abrir una auténtica vía para la defensa de los recurrentes o se está mostrando ineficaz y el único resultado es llevarlos a una suerte de agotamiento procesal. Y es que, como veremos, en algunos casos, la estimación del recurso de casación solo lleva al recurrente al punto de partida no constituyendo, en puridad, una doble instancia procesal. Por todo ello, quizás sea oportuno nuevamente realizar una relectura de la precitada sentencia Saquetti y recordar, asimismo, lo que en 2021 ya se advertía en diferentes lugares: que el recurso de casación, tal y como fue concebido en la reforma de 2015, entorno a la preponderancia del interés casacional objetivo, sigue siendo una vía inoperativa, impropia e inadecuada para respetar el derecho al reexamen de las sentencias condenatorias de sanciones administrativas graves
Del 'thriller' a la acción: la ciudad de Sevilla como plató cinematográfico
(Laboratoire LISAA, 2019) Tovar Vicente, Mónica; Bogas Ríos, María José
Sevilla es una de las ciudades españolas del sur peninsular que mayor turismo nacional y extranjero atrae. Con un diseño urbanístico y arquitectónico definido por la coexistencia de estilos, se ha convertido en una localización natural cinematográfica destacada. El turismo surgido a raíz de este arte ha motivado la proliferación de secciones dedicadas a la presentación de recorridos y escenarios metropolitanos fílmicos incluidos en las páginas webs oficiales de urbes como París, Roma o la propia hispalense siendo este el germen de este artículo: mediante el análisis de las tres producciones más referenciadas en visitasevilla.es, perseguimos descubrir qué Sevilla es mostrada, así como, la función que la metrópoli ejerce en el relato y la relación que establece con los diferentes personajes.
Understanding the date–delay effect: demographic and behavioral insights in intertemporal choice
(Springer, 2025-03-22) Ortiz Fernández, Piedad; Parra Oller, Isabel María; Cruz Rambaud, Salvador; López Pascual, Joaquín
Previous research has questioned the validity of Samuelson’s Discounted Utility model, revealing certain anomalies in intertemporal choice processes. This theoretical–empirical study investigates the date–delay effect, which suggests that individuals make less impulsive monetary decisions when time is framed as calendar dates rather than as delay terms. First, we propose a theoretical definition of this anomaly, assuming the property of nonseparability. Next, we conduct an empirical analysis by using data obtained from a questionnaire distributed to Spanish university students ( N = 155 ). The results confirm the presence of the date–delay effect and its association with demographic (e.g., country of origin, age), academic and behavioral variables (e.g., sport practice, obesity), as well as the non-separability property in both date and delay scenarios. These results highlight the importance of further exploring the interplay between temporal framing and individual characteristics, offering valuable insights for future research and practical applications.
Redes sociales e influencia en la salud de los jóvenes: un estudio sobre las actitudes de bronceado y fotoprotección en España
(Universidad de La Sabana, 2025-02-27) Jiménez-Sánchez, Lara; Moreno, Ángeles; Fuentes-Lara, María Cristina
En España, la juventud universitaria es un grupo vulnerable al cáncer de piel debido a sus frecuentes conductas de riesgo. En el contexto actual, en el que las redes sociales facilitan la propagación de contenido engañoso, las relaciones públicas desempeñan un papel crucial en la lucha contra la desinformación de salud mediante estrategias de comunicación efectiva y la difusión de información veraz. El objetivo de este estudio es explorar la influencia que ejercen las redes sociales sobre la actitud hacia el bronceado y la protección solar en el público joven. Conocer las actitudes y las redes sociales de influencia proporciona información valiosa para adecuar las estrategias en estas plataformas y llevar a cabo una comunicación más eficaz. Se analizaron las respuestas de un cuestionario aplicado a 493 estudiantes de universidades españolas entre octubre de 2022 y marzo de 2023. Los hallazgos indican que los universitarios españoles poseen ciertos conocimientos sobre fotoprotección; sin embargo, presentan actitudes favorables hacia la fotoexposición y muestran rechazo hacia el uso de crema solar. Instagram y TikTok son las principales plataformas donde los estudiantes han visualizado más contenido relacionado con el bronceado y los riesgos de la exposición al sol. Los emisores especializados en la prevención contra el cáncer de piel deberían abordar las barreras que dificultan el uso de cremas solares en jóvenes, y seguir incidiendo en los peligros de la exposición solar y el bronceado a través de estas plataformas.
Design and validation of a self-assessment tool for STE(A)M teachers in CLIL contexts
(Omnia Science, 2025-03-19) Luelmo del Castillo, María José; Izquierdo Sánchez-Migallón, Elvira; Vinuesa-Benítez, Virginia; García-Manzanares, Nuria
In bilingual education, the integration of STE(A)M (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics) with CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) establishes a dynamic learning environment wherein students concurrently develop scientific, technical, linguistic, and creative competencies. These methodologies cultivate essential 21st-century skills, including collaboration, communication, and critical thinking. This investigation aims to accomplish two primary objectives: to develop a self-assessment rubric for integrating STE(A)M and CLIL methodologies and to validate this rubric utilizing the Delphi method. This research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques to develop and validate a self-assessment rubric for integrating STE(A)M and CLIL methodologies in bilingual education. The study was conducted in three phases: initially, the research team developed and refined the rubric through a comprehensive literature review to ensure it was grounded in theoretical frameworks and pedagogical practices. Subsequently, a panel of specialists was convened using the Nominal Group Technique to collaboratively design the initial rubric. Finally, the Delphi method was employed to validate and refine the rubric through two rounds of expert consultation, involving twelve academic professionals. The final rubric comprises 23 items, structured into two key dimensions: (1) the integration of STE(A)M and CLIL and (2) the design and planning of the teaching and learning process. The results indicate that the CLIL-STE(A)M-SAT rubric is a reliable instrument for assessing the integration of these methodologies. It demonstrates potential for future research and practical application by primary school educators in bilingual STE(A)M-focused contexts.
Exploring Adsorption Performance of Functionalized Mesoporous Silicas with a Different Pore Structure as Strong Cation-Exchange Sorbents for Solid-Phase Extraction of Atropine and Scopolamine
(MDPI, 2025-01-10) Vera Baquero, Fernando Leonardo; Morante Zarcero, Sonia; Pérez Quintanilla, Damián; Sierra , Isabel
In this work, mesoporous silicas with two types of mesoporous structures were synthesized and functionalized with sulfonic acid groups: MCM-41-SO3H (honeycomblike hexagonal structure) and MSU-2-SO3H (three-dimensional porous structure with wormhole pores). The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 29Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The obtained functionalized materials were evaluated as sorbents for strong cation-exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) to determine their efficiency in the adsorption and desorption of tropane alkaloids (atropine and scopolamine). The loading solvents, loading volume, analyte concentration, and elution volume were studied, using 50 mg of both materials. Analyses were carried out by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. The synthesized MCM-41-SO3H material presented the highest recovery efficiency and has proven to be a promising sorbent for strong cation-exchange SPE of atropine and scopolamine in aqueous media. The high degree of functionalization of MCM-41-SO3H and the high accessibility of the sulfonic groups for the target analytes, due to the regularity and uniformity of their pores, maximize the contact between the alkaloids and the sorbent, favoring efficient adsorption.
Sun behavior: exploring the health belief model on skin cancer prevention in Spain
(Springer, 2024-09-11) Fuentes‐Lara, Cristina; Zeler, Ileana; Moreno, Ángeles; De Troya‐Martín, Magdalena
Aim Skin cancer ranks among the most common types of cancer worldwide, with Spain being one of Europe's high UV radiation exposure nations, heightening the potential for increased skin cancer incidence in the absence of improved sun protection behaviors. Addressing the need for improved sun protection habits, this study focuses on the analysis of the health belief model (HBM) constructs on skin cancer prevention among a high-risk population. This study introduces the innova- tion of integrating a sunburn measurement unit from the “Practices, Attitudes, and Knowledge related to Sun Exposure” (CHACES) questionnaire into the framework of the HBM, and develops a statistical model to explain health behaviors related to solar photoprotection and skin cancer. Subject and methods To achieve this, the research team employed the previously validated CHACES epidemiological questionnaire, supplemented with an additional section on HBM variables. This survey was conducted among a total of 496 participants. Results Findings reveal significant relationships between key variables, highlighting the critical roles of self-efficacy and perceived susceptibility. Participants who hold that avoiding sun exposure is an effective preventive measure against skin cancer are more likely to protect their skin from sunburn, and those with heightened awareness of susceptibility to skin cancer exhibit a greater propensity to adopt preventive measures against sun exposure. Conclusions These insights provide valuable guidance for the development of health prevention communication plans, which are imperative for enhancing sun-protection practices and mitigating the rising threat of epidemy of skin cancer in industrialized countries.
Photoprotection and Skin Cancer on X/Twitter: Analysis of Misinformation, Communication Challenges, and Attitudes in the Spanish Community
(MDPI, 2024-03-21) Fuentes-Lara, Cristina; Poch Butler, Santana Lois; Humanes, María Luisa; Jiménez Sánchez, Lara
This paper delves into the challenges faced by scientists to effectively communicate regarding photoprotection and skin cancer as a result of the pervasive, harmful effects of disinforming messages. In order to do so, the Spanish population’s understanding of photoprotection and skin cancer is examined. This paper is as an extension of the COMUNICANCER initiative, the ultimate goal of which is to establish protocols for producing and disseminating accurate content that raises the awareness of skin cancer-related dangers, as well as transferring knowledge on health prevention. Therefore, we have monitored the prevalence of misinformation and lack of information regarding sun photoprotection in Spain, aiming to reflect, ultimately, on the added difficulties faced by the scholarly community to disseminate accurate content in today’s communication environment, which has become even more complex due to the distorting influence of disinformation. Employing a quantitative methodology, the research involved a comprehensive analysis of 2498 Spanish-language tweets related to skin cancer and photoprotection collected between August 2021 and August 2022. The study proves that scientists face a social media landscape, particularly on X/Twitter, where there is not only a lack of comprehensive information on the various dimensions of skin cancer, its prevention, and treatment, but which also serves as a breeding ground for the dissemination of inaccurate and misleading information regarding sun-related health risks and preventive measures. This leads to an urgent need to develop strategies aimed at fostering comprehensive and accurate information dissemination, especially regarding health information, due to the critical effect this can have on people and public health systems.
Sun Exposure and Skin Cancer: An Examination of Communications for Prevention on Instagram in a High-Risk Contex
(Profesional de la información, 2024-07-15) Jiménez-Sánchez, Lara; Moreno, Ángeles; Fuentes-Lara, María-Cristina
Young people are increasingly affected by skin cancer in industrialized countries around the world, such as Spain, in Europe. The incidence of skin cancer is expected to continue to increase in the coming yearsif adequatephotoprotection habits are not implemented. Social mediahave been previously studied as a tool with great potential for skin cancer awareness and prevention in the young population(Falzoneet al., 2017), so it is necessary to know and deepen the communication in these media to contribute to prevention. This paper explores these aspects in the context of the high prevalence of skin cancerin Spain. It aims to analyze the content of strategic communication of primary prevention or photoprevention disseminated on Instagram–the social mediamost used by young people(IAB Spain, 2023)–through the agenda-setting theory and the health belief model. As a result of the analysis of publications issued during the prevention campaign season in 2022, data wereobtained regarding the first-level agenda, with a prevalence of content on photoprotection (40.9%), and the second-level agenda, with a majority framing focused on the causes of skin cancer (58.1%). Likewise, the publications showeda low frequency of the health belief modelelementsrelated toskin cancer prevention, except for the action signal (49.5%).
Impact of emotional intelligence on the success of startups in business incubators
(Frontiers Media, 2025-03-14) De Esteban Escobar, Débora; De Pablos Heredero, Carmen; Montes Botella, José Luis; Blanco Jiménez, Francisco José
This research investigates the impact of business incubators’ training and support initiatives on emotional intelligence in entrepreneurship and how this subsequently affects the success of incubated startups. The study proposes and tests four hypotheses using a structural equation model (SEM) and data collected from October 2023 to February 2024. The findings indicate the following: First, business incubator training programmes significantly enhance entrepreneurs’ emotional intelligence. Second, psychological support services help entrepreneurs overcome challenges and maintain a positive mindset. Third, incubators provide a supportive environment that fosters entrepreneurs’ confidence, contributing to business success. By elucidating the relationship between incubator activities, emotional intelligence development, and entrepreneurial success, this study can inform the design of more effective business incubator programmes and the development of policies prioritising entrepreneurs’ emotional growth, strengthening the entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Comunicación para prevenir el cáncer de piel: un análisis del uso estratégico de la red social Twitter en España
(Revista de Ciencias de la Comunicación e Información, 2023-11-16) Jiménez-Sánchez, Lara; Moreno, Ángeles
Introducción: la sociedad actual se encuentra ante el irrefrenable avance del cáncer de piel, uno de los más comunes y letales a nivel mundial. En España, su incidencia sigue aumentando en la población, y de forma más incipiente, en la población joven. Segmento potencialmente vulnerable a este tipo de cáncer por la alta frecuencia de exposición a la radiación solar sin tomar medidas preventivas, y la cultura del bronceado. Educar en hábitos de fotoprotección es la mejor medida para reducir el riesgo de cáncer de piel. Las redes sociales se han convertido en una plataforma esencial para la concienciación y promoción de comportamientos saludables. El presente estudio identifica y analiza la comunicación sobre prevención del cáncer de piel que se divulga en Twitter en España por los principales emisores estratégicos involucrados en esta labor. Metodología: se realizó análisis de contenido cuantitativo para determinar el primer y segundo nivel de agenda setting de la comunicación. Para ello se recogieron 2486 publicaciones emitidas en Twitter entre los meses de abril a julio de 2022. Resultados: los hallazgos muestran predominio de información relativa al cáncer de piel en general sin especificar, el melanoma y la fotoprotección, enfocada mayoritariamente en las causas de la enfermedad con la exposición solar como principal factor de riesgo. Conclusiones: al final encontramos un desequilibrio en la agenda respecto a temas y encuadres que revela una comunicación insuficientemente optimizada en la red social.
Comunicación para la prevención de cáncer de piel: un análisis del uso de Facebook para la comunicación de salud en España
(Redmarka. Revista De Marketing Aplicado, 2023-06-26) Jiménez-Sánchez, Lara; Moreno, Ángeles; Zeler, Ileana
El cáncer de piel es uno de los tipos de cáncer más letales en todo el mundo. En España, se espera un aumento en la incidencia y mortalidad si no se toman medidas adecuadas para educar a la población sobre la importancia de la fotoprotección. En este contexto, las redes sociales se han convertido en un canal de información crucial para la promoción de hábitos saludables. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer el contenido de la comunicación de fotoprevención difundida en Facebook en España por las principales organizaciones comprometidas con esta labor. Se ha empleado la teoría de la agenda setting de primer y segundo nivel para explorar los contenidos emitidos en 2022 durante el periodo de campañas de prevención en los perfiles de redes sociales de estas organizaciones. Los hallazgos muestran una prevalencia de contenidos sobre fotoprotección (34,4%) y un encuadre mayoritario centrado en causas del cáncer de piel (55,4%).
La realidad política mexicana en el periodo ruiz-cortinista de 1953-1955 desde la óptica diplomática franquista
(Fundación Universitaria Española, 2024) de Andrés Martín, Juan Ramón
En este artículo nos hemos basado principalmente en los informes del diplomático español Justo Bermejo, Representante oficioso que no oficial de España en México, y en los de la Oficina de Información Diplomática, que se hallan depositados en el fondo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores del Archivo General de la Administración que se encuentra en Alcalá de Henares. Junto a ellos y la consulta de la más moderna bibliografía hemos querido desentrañar hasta qué punto México, su capital sobre todo, era el centro, a través esencialmente de la Embajada de la Unión Soviética, de difusión del comunismo a toda el área americana, incluyendo por tanto los Estados Unidos, y Centro y Sudamérica. También hemos querido averiguar en qué proporción el presidente mexicano Adolfo Ruiz Cortines colaboró activamente en la cruzada anticomunista de los Estados Unidos para el mundo entero, y sobre todo para esta área americana, y si a raíz del golpe de Estado guatemalteco, de junio de 1954, impulsó, o no, aún más Ruiz Cortines esta cruzada en el interior del propio México.
Analytical Strategies for Green Extraction, Characterization, and Bioactive Evaluation of Polyphenols, Tocopherols, Carotenoids, and Fatty Acids in Agri-Food Bio-Residues
(MDPI, 2025-03-15) Vicente-Zurdo, David; Gómez-Mejía, Esther; Morante-Zarcero, Sonia; Rosales-Conrado, Noelia; Sierra, Isabel
Recent advancements in analytical strategies have enabled the efficient extraction and characterization of bioactive compounds from agri-food bio-residues, emphasizing green chemistry and circular economy principles. This review highlights the valorization of several agri-food bio-residues for the extraction of high-value-added bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols, tocopherols, carotenoids, and fatty acids, as a biorefinery approach. To this end, the adoption of environmentally friendly extraction technologies is essential to improve performance, reduce energy consumption, and minimize costs. This study therefore examines emerging methodologies such as supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, pulsed electric fields, and matrix solid-phase dispersion, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Additionally, the chemical characterization of these bioactive compounds is explored through spectrophotometric and high-resolution chromatographic techniques, crucial for their accurate identification and quantification. This is complemented by an analysis of bioactivity assays evaluating antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, with a focus on their applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. However, the analytical control of toxic compounds, such as alkaloids, in these bio-residues is undoubtedly needed. Ultimately, this approach not only promotes sustainability but also contributes to the development of eco-friendly solutions in various industries
Concealing Reproductive Tasks: An Inequality Genotype for Middle-Income Housing in Mexico
(Springer, 2025-03-10) Elizondo, Lucía; Garnica-Monroy, Rubén; Martín López, Lucía
The social behavior of people is reflected through spatial configurations. Traditionally, reproductive work and caregiving tasks have been spatially assigned by gender and often go unnoticed. With the rise of middle-income housing in Mexico, an important question arises: how do these housing layouts integrate reproductive and care tasks, particularly in kitchens and laundry areas? To investigate this, the paper focuses on five Mexican cities known for significant middle-income housing production—Guadalajara, Mexico City, Monterrey, Querétaro, and Toluca—and selected 25 case studies consisting of five model homes from each city. By applying space syntax and the Justified plan graph, the paper mathematically and graphically analyses these homes to map spatial inequalities. The findings reveal that laundry areas have a low integration, similar to bathrooms. On the other hand, public and private spaces meet in kitchen, leading to better gender integration.
A comprehensive framework for explainable cluster analysis
(Elsevier, 2024-03) Alvarez-Garcia, Miguel; Ibar-Alonso, Raquel; Arenas-Parra, Mar
Machine learning has proven to be a powerful tool for knowledge extraction from large data sets across different domains. Data quality and results interpretability are essential when applying machine learning to inform decision-making processes. This is especially true for clustering methods, which are frequently employed for extracting knowledge from large data sets, due to their unsupervised nature. Although there are significant recent developments in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) applied to unsupervised problems, they focus primarily on cluster interpretability and often overlook data quality challenges. Moreover, these developments are typically designed to use specific clustering algorithms, limiting their adaptability to incorporate alternative techniques. We propose a novel and comprehensive four-step sequential framework for explainable cluster analysis on high-dimensional mixed-type data to address these limitations. The framework encompasses data preprocessing, dimensionality reduction, clustering, and classification to ensure robust and explainable results. The proposed methodology has also been implemented in an open-source Python package called Clust-learn, designed to be accessible and customizable for researchers and practitioners. The framework has been validated by applying a case study focusing on large-scale assessments in education, effectively illustrating the strength and usefulness of the methodology in extracting and synthesizing knowledge from complex real-world data.
Opinion mining of green energy sentiment: a Russia-Ukraine conflict analysis
(MDPI, 2022-07-21) Ibar-Alonso, Raquel; Quiroga-García, Raquel; Arenas-Parra, Mar
In this paper, we assess sentiment and emotion regarding green energy through employing a social listening analysis on Twitter. Knowing the sentiment and attitude of the population is important because it will help to promote policies and actions that favor the development of green or renewable energies. We chose to study a crucial period that coincides with the onset of the 2022 Ukrainian–Russo conflict, which has undoubtedly affected global energy policies worldwide. We searched for messages containing the term “green energy” during the days before and after the conflict started. We then performed a semantic analysis of the most frequent words, a comparative analysis of sentiments and emotions in both periods, a dimensionality reduction analysis, and an analysis of the variance of tweets versus retweets. The results of the analysis show that the conflict has changed society’s sentiments about an energy transition to green energy. In addition, we found that negative feelings and emotions emerged in green energy tweeters once the conflict started. However, the emotion of confidence also increased as the conflict, intimately linked to energy, has driven all countries to promote a rapid transition to greener energy sources. Finally, we observed that of the two latent variables identified for social opinion, one of them, pessimism, was maintained while the other, optimism, was subdivided into optimism and expectation.

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