Post-COVID-19 Pain Is Not Associated with DNA Methylation Levels of the ACE2 Promoter in COVID-19 Survivors Hospitalized Due to SARS-CoV-2 Infection

dc.contributor.authorFernández-de-las-Peñas, César
dc.contributor.authorDíaz-Gil, Gema
dc.contributor.authorGil-Crujera, Antonio
dc.contributor.authorGómez-Sánchez, Stella Maris
dc.contributor.authorAmbite-Quesda, Silvia
dc.contributor.authorFranco-Moreno, Anabel
dc.contributor.authorRyan-Murua, Pablo
dc.contributor.authorTorres-Macho, Juan
dc.contributor.authorPellicer-Valero, Óscar J.
dc.contributor.authorArendt-Nielsen, Lars
dc.contributor.authorGiordano, Rocco
dc.date.accessioned2025-07-30T07:00:34Z
dc.date.available2025-07-30T07:00:34Z
dc.date.issued2024-07-25
dc.description.abstractOne of theories explaining the development of long-lasting symptoms after an acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection include changes in the methylation pattern of the host. The current study aimed to investigate whether DNA methylation levels associated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) promoter are different when comparing individuals previously hospitalized due to COVID-19 who then developed long-lasting post-COVID pain with those previously hospitalized due to COVID-19 who did not develop post-COVID-19 pain symptoms. Non-stimulated saliva samples were obtained from a cohort of 279 (mean age: 56.5, SD: 13.0 years old, 51.5% male) COVID-19 survivors who needed hospitalization. Clinical data were collected from hospital medical records. Participants were asked to disclose pain symptoms developed during the first three months after hospital admission due to COVID-19 and persisting at the time of the interview. Methylations of five CpG dinucleotides in the ACE2 promoter were quantified (as percentages). Participants were evaluated up to 17.8 (SD: 5.3) months after hospitalization. Thus, 39.1% of patients exhibited post-COVID-19 pain. Most patients (77.05%) in the cohort developed localized post-COVID-19 pain. Headache and pain in the lower extremity were experienced by 29.4% of the patients. Seven patients received a post-infection diagnosis of fibromyalgia based on the presence of widespread pain characteristics (11.6%) and other associated symptoms. No significant differences in methylation percentages at any CpG location of the ACE2 promoter were identified when comparing individuals with and without post-COVID-19 pain. The current study did not observe differences in methylation levels of the ACE2 promoter depending on the presence or absence of long-lasting post-COVID-19 pain symptoms in individuals who needed hospitalization due to COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic.
dc.identifier.citationCitation: Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C.; Díaz-Gil, G.; Gil-Crujera, A.; Gómez- Sánchez, S.M.; Ambite-Quesada, S.; Franco-Moreno, A.; Ryan-Murua, P.; Torres-Macho, J.; Pellicer-Valero, O.J.; Arendt-Nielsen, L.; et al. Post- COVID-19 Pain Is Not Associated with DNA Methylation Levels of the ACE2 Promoter in COVID-19 Survivors Hospitalized Due to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1662.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/biomedicines12081662
dc.identifier.issn2227-9059
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10115/96377
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.accessRightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectmethylation
dc.subjectACE2
dc.subjectpain
dc.subjectpost-COVID-19
dc.subjectlong COVID
dc.titlePost-COVID-19 Pain Is Not Associated with DNA Methylation Levels of the ACE2 Promoter in COVID-19 Survivors Hospitalized Due to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
dc.typeArticle

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